Structural Heart Disease

What is Structural Heart Disease?

Structural Heart Disease refers to abnormalities in the heart's valves, walls, or chambers, often affecting its ability to pump blood efficiently. These conditions may be congenital (present at birth) or acquired over time due to aging, infections, or other heart conditions. Advances in medical technology have introduced minimally invasive treatments, offering better outcomes for patients.

Key Features of Structural Heart Disease

Includes conditions like heart valve disease, septal defects, and cardiomyopathies
May cause symptoms like shortness of breath, fatigue, or chest pain
Requires precise diagnosis using advanced imaging techniques
Treatable through both minimally invasive procedures and traditional surgery

Symptoms of Structural Heart Disease

Symptoms vary based on the specific condition but may include:

Shortness of breath during activity or at rest
Fatigue or reduced exercise capacity
Chest pain or discomfort
Swelling in the legs, ankles, or feet
Heart palpitations or irregular heartbeats
Dizziness, fainting, or near-fainting episodes

Causes and Risk Factors

Structural heart disease can arise from various causes and risk factors, including:

Congenital Heart Defects: Abnormalities present from birth
Aging: Degeneration of heart valves over time
Infections: Conditions like endocarditis damaging heart structures
Heart Attacks: Causing damage to heart walls or valves
Hypertension: Long-term high blood pressure can strain the heart
Genetics: Family history of structural heart defects

How is Structural Heart Disease Diagnosed and Treated?

Diagnosis involves comprehensive imaging and functional tests:

Echocardiography: Ultrasound imaging to assess heart structure and function
Cardiac MRI or CT: Provides detailed images of the heart
Electrocardiogram (ECG): Detects electrical abnormalities
Cardiac Catheterization: Measures pressures and blood flow within the heart

Treatment options depend on the condition's severity and location:

Medications: Manage symptoms and prevent complications
Minimally Invasive Procedures: Includes transcatheter valve replacement (TAVR) and septal defect closures
Open-Heart Surgery: Repairs or replaces damaged valves or other structures
Watchful Waiting: Monitoring for mild or asymptomatic conditions

Risks and Potential Complications

Untreated structural heart disease can lead to serious complications, such as:

Heart failure due to impaired blood flow
Stroke from blood clots forming in the heart
Arrhythmias or irregular heart rhythms
Infections such as endocarditis
Sudden cardiac arrest in severe cases

Recovery and Long-Term Management

Recovery from structural heart disease treatment depends on the procedure performed. Common steps include:

Gradual return to physical activity as recommended by a healthcare provider
Adherence to prescribed medications to manage symptoms and prevent complications
Regular follow-ups with a cardiologist to monitor heart function
Participation in cardiac rehabilitation programs for strength and recovery
Maintaining a heart-healthy lifestyle with proper diet and exercise

With timely intervention and ongoing care, patients with structural heart disease can enjoy improved quality of life and heart health.