AVM (Arteriovenous Malformation)

What is AVM?

Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) is a rare condition involving an abnormal tangle of arteries and veins, bypassing the capillary system. This disrupts normal blood flow and oxygen delivery, often leading to complications such as hemorrhage or neurological symptoms. AVMs can occur in various parts of the body, including the brain, spine, and other organs.

Key Features of AVM

Abnormal connection between arteries and veins
High blood flow and pressure in the affected vessels
Potential risk of rupture, causing internal bleeding
Commonly congenital, though sometimes diagnosed later in life

Symptoms of AVM

Symptoms vary depending on the location and severity of the AVM. Common symptoms include:

Headaches or migraines
Seizures
Neurological symptoms like weakness or numbness
Vision or speech disturbances
Hearing a pulsating noise in the head (bruit)
Sudden severe symptoms if the AVM ruptures, such as stroke-like symptoms

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of AVM is unknown, but it is believed to occur during fetal development. Risk factors include:

Congenital: Most AVMs are present at birth
Family History: Rare genetic mutations may increase risk
Gender: Some studies suggest a slight prevalence in males
Age: Often detected between the ages of 10 and 40

How is AVM Diagnosed and Treated?

Diagnosis involves imaging studies to identify the size, location, and risk of the AVM:

CT or MRI: Provides detailed images of the brain and AVM
Angiography: Uses contrast dye to map blood flow through the AVM
Ultrasound: Identifies AVMs in other parts of the body

Treatment options vary based on the AVM's size, location, and risk of complications:

Observation: Small, asymptomatic AVMs may only require monitoring.
Endovascular Embolization: A minimally invasive procedure where a catheter is used to block abnormal vessels with glue, coils, or other materials.
Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS): Focused radiation to shrink the AVM over time.
Open Surgery: Direct removal of the AVM, often used for accessible and high-risk lesions.

Risks and Potential Complications

If untreated, AVMs can lead to serious complications, such as:

Hemorrhage: Rupture of the AVM can cause life-threatening bleeding
Neurological Damage: Pressure on surrounding brain tissues can impair function
Seizures: Resulting from abnormal electrical activity in the brain
Stroke: Due to disrupted blood flow or AVM rupture

Recovery and Long-Term Management

Patients can improve outcomes with:

Regular follow-up imaging to monitor AVM size and risk
Adhering to prescribed treatment plans
Managing risk factors such as high blood pressure
Engaging in physical therapy or rehabilitation, if needed

With timely treatment and monitoring, many patients achieve symptom relief and reduce the risk of complications.